Bacteriological warfare
"What you and your family can do defensively"

WARNING!

Self-medication under circumstances where a physician's care is unavailable is not only illegal, it is extremely dangerous. The author and the publisher of this book do not recommend or endorse self-medication or the practice of medicine without a license in any way, shape, or form. The responsibility for any such activity is entirely that of the reader. Seek professional medical help if there is any way to obtain it.

Ric Finke disclaimer

The reader should carefully weigh the importance of this information and be alert to take the appropriate defensive actions. I can vouch only for the medical characteristics of the biological agents discussed in this report. All other information, claims, opinions and statements are strictly the author's responsibility.

TerminatorFiles disclaimer

This article has been reposted on our site for entertainment purposes only. Taking medication and/or actions as portrayed in the article is for the sole responsability of the reader only. We have no way of verifying the information as contained in this article, nor are we physician's ourselfs.

The info in this article is very interesting, but please take care of the info contained within it. Some of the info could be transfered to the Terminator saga related future landscapes and environment... thats the only reason this was copied to our site in the first place.

PREFACE

In September 1991, I re-entered The Ohio State University and started taking courses in advanced microbiology, in preparation for taking my National Registry of Microbiologist Certification Exam. I soon entered into a clique of non-traditional students, whose average age was around 40. In that clique was a delightful lady known by the name of Miriam Arif. We soon became close friends. Miriam was from Iraq, and was here studying microbiology. She had an unusual background. One of her very close relatives, General Arif was a President of Iraq. In April, 1966, He was killed in a helicopter accident (I later learned the General was actually her father). There was a long succession of military coups and now Saddam Hussein and the Republican Guard are in power. In these coups, her family had not faired well. She said that several members of her family had been hung. And at the present time, she felt it safer for her to be here in America, until she could do something that would make her famous back in her home country of Iraq. In February, 1993, 1 had arrived early in order to get a parking spot in the rapidly filling student parking lots, and was having coffee in the small vending area in the bottom of the building where the Med-Tech. courses were taught. The vending area was deserted except for Miriam Arif and myself. I will never forget the way her face and eyes looked that morning. They were very tired and glossy. I have little doubt that she had not gotten any sleep since the World Trade Centre building was bombed. This was the Monday after. She must have thought that her arrest was imminent, for the whole time she was rambling on. It was as if she was in a daze. She was silent for a few minutes then she said, "Larry, you are a dear and trusted friend, and what I am going to tell you in the next few minutes you can use to protect yourself and a few friends. When it is my time to act, I do not want your death to be on my conscience. You obviously do not know the danger you face concerning the emergence of Biological Warfare as a major threat to the United States."

She went on to state that nearly all of the emerging countries: Libya, Iran, Iraq, Syria, North Korea, etc., were actively pursuing a germ warfare program, and scraping their nuclear programs. There are two reasons for this shift. The first being complexity & cost for the acquisition of a sufficient nuclear stockpile to be meaningful. The second reason is that BW is antipersonnel warfare, but not anti-materiel warfare, in that housing, buildings, factories, and other structures remain intact and can be made useful in a short time. I asked her if she had actually seen any of Iraq's germ warfare facilities. To this she gave a resounding,"Yes." She went on to state that Iraq uses the plain-Jane approach, in that Iraq has a very large stockpile of biological agents on hand in the form of special bombs, and is developing rockets to spread the infection over a very large area. They have two separate areas of biological operations, one foreign and one regional. The ones that are regional have all the facilities located at small air strips around the country that are deliberately designed not to draw much attention. These airstrips will not handle large to medium class aircraft. In fact they are designed around a single class of aircraft. These aircraft art single engine high wing turboprop's that can be used for crop dusting. The regional Biological operations would take only a couple of days to get into operation if you are using Anthrax, or a couple of weeks if you are using Plague. The production equipment located at these Facilities is kept empty so that it can be explained away as holding tanks for agricultural spray products, if they were ever questioned from abroad as to their purpose. The finished culture fluid flows into a refrigerated tank for holding before it is transferred to the aircraft just before the mission. She further stated that these aircraft have exceptionally long range and that only one aircraft is located at each facility. If that aircraft were to be lost, a replacement aircraft could be flown in from another facility. This keeps every thing small and very difficult to detect. I asked her why we didn't see any Germ Warfare being waged during the Gulf war. To this she responded, "Iraq thought that the multinational force would respond with Nuclear Weapons." I inquired further, You stated that I and the people of North America are in grave danger of Biological Agents being used against us. Would you care to elaborate on that? To this, she replied, "A few hours ago a band of fanatics blew up the World Trade Centre. I am sure that my beloved Iraq did not do this thing. For when payback comes, I am sure we will demand at least one American life for every one of my country that you Butchered. We would not settle for some silly old building." I asked her if she knew how such an attack would be carried out. To this she responded, "Don t be silly, of course I know! The vessel of choice would be a metal spray can (stainless steel). You know, like the one you use to spray your garden and exterminators use to spray bug spray. The one that has the little air pump in the middle that you pump up when you, are ready to spray. To this you would add your culture. Following an appropriate amount of time, the batch is ready. You then insert the spray tank's air pump, pump up the sprayer and you are ready." I then asked her, what the most likely targets would be. To this she replied, "For one thing, it will not be just a target, but many (hundreds of) targets simultaneously across the country. The prime of these would be the subway systems. Who would notice another maintenance man down there spraying for bugs? Other inviting targets would be the air ducts of large office buildings. Or, say, a large gathering of people like at a stadium, or just sticking it out of the side of a budding over those crowded streets of many cities. Who is going to notice a little mist coming from some building? Several cells (each cell has ten men, and one woman to act as a carrier) will be using aircraft venturi like the ones that are used to drive the vacuum instruments on airplanes. They are easily obtained mail order in this country. These will be mounted underneath cars. The spray tank will be in the car with the tubing going to the venturi (which acts like a carburettor). When the car is going 60 miles per hour one simply opens the valve and a fog of death will be coming out from behind the car. Other cells will be using these same venturi mounted on light aircraft to attack whole cities at a time." I asked her how she would get her culture (bacteria)? To this Miriam replied that it is very easy for a woman to hide a small sealed vial of dehydrated culture vaginally and get it into North America. "What are they going to do?" She continued, "Take every woman entering the country, have some little room, say in the airport, and make them lay down on a table with their feet up in stirrups and have some one looking up her privates? I think not." I then asked her, "Why not use something that she could obtain in this country without going through all that?' To this, she replied, "That is where the real irony is, for you see, Iraq bought all of the dehydrated vials from companies right here in the United States, who shipped them to Iraq, and those same vials are the ones that Iraqi women have been bringing back into this country to be used against this country." Miriam said that she herself had made several trips back and forth between Iraq and the United States, and every time that she came to America she was carrying a vial inside her as well. (Ed. Note, Miriam has been apprehended doing just this).

I then asked her, "What are the microbes of choice?' To this she responded, 'Plague and Anthrax are the bacteria of choice. For you see, plague is easy to work with. We take the proper amount and kind of antibiotic and then we are fairly safe. Once you are finished, you can very easily clean up any spills with disinfectant. Any you miss will be dead in a couple of days. Anthrax would be used by specially trained cells for attacks on big cities. These cells have to be extremely careful, thus requiring a lot of advanced training. If you got some on your clothes and happened to inhale it several years later, it could kill you. So they will have to strip, thoroughly shower, and leave all articles of clothing that were worn during the attack behind. The only two other bacteria that were considered was Cholera and Typhoid fever but these usually do not kill. They only inconvenience people for a few days." I then asked her when she thought these attacks would begin. To this she responded, "Some time with in the next few years." Miriam said that she personally knew cells training to attack the Olympic Games when they are held. Also, the attacks are centered on three Muslim holy days that are coming up in the next few years, starting in July, 1997. One thing is certain, before the year 2001 this country's population will be reduced to less than fifty million. Miriam stated that she had no problem telling me all of this because 'no one will ever believe you." The door to the elevator opened just then and several students walked out. Miriam quickly entered the same elevator before the doors could close and was gone.

That afternoon I started a barrage of phone calls to the FBI, the CDC, and just about every one that I knew to call. Miriam was right. No one cared. Every bureaucrat that I called simply was not interested. I called the CDC back and after an afternoon of phone tag I finally was transferred to Fort Collins, vector division. I told them what Miriam had told me, and they responded that they thought I had been watching too many science fiction movies, and not to worry about it. I asked them if they had a contingency plan if something like this ever occurred. They said that they did, so I asked them if they would send me a copy. They said that they would. But after a couple of weeks nothing had arrived.

I called them back, and after several weeks and no contingency plan, I put them on the spot and said that if there is such a plan why do you not send it to me, and if there is no plan so state. Finally the CDC stated that in 1972 all biological civil defence had been scrapped. There was no contingency plan. The country was wide open. I just about flipped. They said that if I were a microbiologist and so concerned, why don't I go and write my own Civil Defence manual and leave the CDC alone. A couple of days later my curiosity and frustration had been aroused enough to check out some of the things that Miriam had said. I first went to the biological science building and sought out one of the professors who had some experience with this type of production. He gave me several papers that verified some of the things Miriam had said regarding production operation. I next went to the Biological Science Library and got as much information on the plague as they had. I learned from the librarian that a visiting microbiologist, who had written several papers on the dangers of Germ Warfare, would be giving a lecture on his findings. In March, 1993, 1 attended the lecture put on by the visiting Microbiologist. After he had finished discussing his findings and had taken all the questions from the audience, I went forward and offered to buy him coffee in the small coffee shop across from the biological science library, and he accepted. I raised the question, "What is the possibility of germ warfare becoming a threat to North America?" And if germ warfare is within the possibility of being acquired by a highly motivated and intelligent organisation, why have we not seen it being used? His response was that there is no cut and dried answer to this question!

An explanation goes something like this: In the 1940's, when we first began to look into the possibilities of using Germ Warfare, there were few, if any, antimicrobial drugs. So we had no way of really protecting our own troops. It was not until the later 1960's, when adequate antimicrobials had been developed, that the possibility of using Biological Warfare became a reality. However, about that time, it became apparent that just about any small country that could afford a laboratory could develop offensive weapons. At this point, The US Government started an active program of demonization of all aspects of Biological warfare. This included co-sponsoring the production of several movies: The Omega Man, the Virus, the Andromeda Strain, and others, in an effort to scare the hell out of the public. In 1972, this resulted in the United States signing the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological and Toxin Weapons and on their destruction. The US Government went on to glamorise those countries that possessed nuclear weapons, referring to it as the "Nuclear Club."

The strategy worked. Numerous small countries invested large portions of their defence budgets toward obtaining nuclear power. However, the Iraqi war shocked many of these small countries into reality! They simply cannot afford to go nuclear. However, they can afford Bacteriological & Biotoxin weapons. The lecturer stated very clearly that in the future we can almost certainly expect Biological weapons to be used by various terrorist organisations. This makes it imperative that the citizens of North America obtain the necessary knowledge & skills to protect themselves against this emerging threat. Thus, the following book has been written to provide a source of information on aspects of biology having terrorist applications and on the types of biological agents which might be used against us, and how to defend against them.

CHAPTER I

Biological warfare is the military use of living organisms or their toxic products to cause death, disability, or damage to man, his domestic animals, or crops. Biological warfare agents include living organisms or their toxic products. The term "Germ Warfare" or "bacteriological warfare" is preferred to "biological warfare" because it refers only to the use of bacteria. The technical procedures and equipment necessary for the recovery of toxic products produced by micro-organisms is simply beyond the ability of most small countries and offers little advantage over living bacteria. From the earliest time man has been continually fighting a defensive battle against micro-organisms (in the form of diseases) and has been able to survive through the development of immunity, improvement in sanitation and nutrition, and the progress of medical science. The use of micro-organisms as BW agents is simply a military adaptation of naturally occurring organisms. The suffering caused by most diseases is no greater than that caused by severe injuries by gun fire, and the chances of complete recovery from infectious diseases are usually much greater than from injuries caused from other types of warfare.

Several countries are said to be genetically engineering viruses for Biological warfare. It has been asserted by leading scientists that new horrible diseases will be unleashed if BW occurs. During the last few years medical science has been fighting an ever increasing number of allegedly lab-created genetically "altered" viruses such as AIDS. These, by the very nature of their ability to continuously mutate, have resisted any kind of conventional medical treatment. According to sources, (ed. note, uncorroborated) AIDS was created in military bio-labs for this purpose, and, only the military has the antidote. The individual making this assertion stated that he had numerous documents smuggled out of Wackenhut Laboratories (under CIA contract) to confirm this fact. For several weeks this individual communicated with a scientist who not only helped create these viruses, but owned a California based corporation (Hercules Research Corporation) which developed them under contract for military applications. This individual claimed he had files containing transcripts of those conversations and back-up documents. Any microbiologist familiar with today's technology knows the capabilities of these genetically altered, fast mutating viruses. They are certainly not naturally occurring and are far more lethal and less expensive to produce. This individual found out that back in the early 1980's some of this technology was sold to Iraq under the Reagan/Bush administrations. The virus mutates and destroys the body's T-Cells, making it practically impossible to be treated in advance or even treated after infection since the body's immune system is the target. Most of these lab-created viruses attack the immune system first or the specific DNA of the individual.

The following is from research documents smuggled out of Wackenhut laboratories: Twenty African prostitutes in Nairobi and Gambia, West Africa were used as research subjects by collaborating American, British and Japanese scientist to test the U. S. Government's antidote against the 'lab-created' HIV (AIDS) virus. The test was a huge success and all twenty of the women NEVER contracted the HIV virus after being exposed consistently for five years. The reason? Their Cytotoxic T- Lymphocytes (CTL's) or T- Cells were raised to extremely high levels by the injected antidote. The following are excerpts from one of these documents: "...the sera of the prostitutes showed that the women were generating highly specific cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) responses to both HIV-I and HIV-2 peptides. The HIV-specific CTLs were studied utilising peptides epitopes which are bound in MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules on the surface of the infected cells and presented to the T-Cell receptors of the CTL........... The finding of HIV-specific CTL, able to kill virus-infected cells, in uninfected but repeatedly HIV-exposed women, indicated that the PCR serum developed antibodies in the subjects over a three month period. The protective immunity developed against HIV in all 20 women emphasised the vaccine's ability to utilise cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to retain CD-4 cell counts above 500 with no symptomatic viremic responses over a five-year period..." A study group of HIV-infected mothers in Nairobi were also given the serum and gave birth to HIV -free babies. And a sub group of HIV-exposed U. S. men were given the vaccine and have shown no signs or symptoms of "any" disease for over five years.

In other words, not only has biological technology been created to destroy an individual's immune system, as implied by rampant emerging "new" diseases in targeted areas world-wide, but technology exists today in government sponsored laboratories to "increase" the immune system 1000% against "lab created" viruses. The HIV (AIDS) virus approaches a RACO (Race Specific Organism), in that it was designed to kill only Negro's. The HIV virus was placed into serum (some say smallpox) and inoculated into Negro's for their (genocidal) removal from Africa. The HIV virus was designed to use an intermediate bacterial carrier, that was present in the Negro's body but not present in Caucasians. This strategy has been extremely effective and by some estimates the Negro population of Africa will soon be reduced to below 5 million.

Because naturally occurring epidemics have caused tremendous havoc to mankind in the past, it has been asserted frequently that artificially induced epidemics could be produced in the future by attack with various biological agents. However, since epidemics tend to spread slowly, they probably can be effectively controlled or prevented by modern sanitation, hygiene, quarantine, immunisation, or treatment measures; hence, widespread explosive epidemics are not expected to result from BW attacks against highly civilised populations unless there has been severe disruption of medical and sanitary facilities, and a massive attack carried out simultaneously across the country. It is true that BW attacks the non-combatant populations as well as the armed forces; this is equally true of attack on a city by aircraft with high explosives or by artillery shells. Destruction or incapacitation of a significant portion of civilian personnel in a given situation also might be a determining factor. Suppose if the target was a financial hub, like Wall Street (recently the Stock Market had an outbreak of Tuberculosis, and now every broker that trades on the stock exchange must be tested) or The World Trade Centre. In such a case, victory might be achieve with a minimum sacrifice of human life by either side. In any event, cities, factories, and homes, and other attributes of civilisation would not be destroyed, and rehabilitation would be much more easily effected than after conventional bombing attacks.

Although germ warfare has never been used as a significant weapon of war, there is factual evidence that they have been used in some form since early times. See I Sam. 5. In the middle ages war parties dropped plague-ridden corpses into wells of their enemy. This type of warfare was practised particularly in desert warfare where wells were of strategic importance and easily contaminated. During the French and Indian War, in 1763, the British infected the Indians with smallpox by giving them blankets and handkerchiefs taken from infected patients. Approximately 95% of the Indians that were exposed died of the disease. In World War I, German agents inoculated horses and cattle shipped from the United States to the Allies with disease-producing bacteria. The Germans also used glanders against the Rumanian Cavalry. In 1940, claims were made by the Chinese that Japanese planes had dropped plague-infected fleas wrapped in little cotton bags containing grain. It was assumed that their purpose was to initiate an epidemic of plague by utilising their natural vectors. In the past, widespread natural disease epidemics have decimated the populations of various areas and in many wars, infection and disease have caused more casualties than have weapons.

Since BW has never been used on a major scale, no definite evaluation can be made of its effectiveness as a weapon of war. The fact that very little is known of the potential tactical or strategical value of BW in modem warfare should not lead to an underestimation of its possibilities. It has been fairly well established that BW agents can be produced on a scale not considered possible in the past. Any small nation having modern and adequate research facilities could produce BW agents on a small scale. The cost of the development of large-scale BW would be much less than that incident to some other weapons of war. It is also possible that new and effective methods for artificial dissemination of disease-producing agents may be developed.

For these reasons, BW must be assumed to present a potentially dangerous form of attack. BW would be especially attractive for the middle-eastern countries, whose agenda includes terrorism to achieve their goals. It would not be surprising, that within the next decade many parts of the North American continent may be turned into disease infested hell holes. Some basic knowledge of the principles of biology and of the properties of biological agents is essential for the appreciation of their military significance, so that preparations can be made by, the citizens of North America and render terrorist BW attacks as ineffective as possible when (not if) they occur.

There are five general bacteriological groups, because they appear to have military significance, that have been classed as BW agents. We will consider only micro-organisms, bacteria & viruses because these are the ones that can cause the greatest harm and the ones that would almost certainly be chosen by groups bent on terrorism. Miriam Arif stated that only Bacteria was planed to be used against the United States, so that Iraq could control its deployment. A designer virus on the other hand is too unpredictable. She stated that Iraq had done extensive research in order to design a RACO that would kill only Caucasians and not Iraqis. They could not find a single intermediate bacterial carrier that Caucasians had and not Iraqis. Besides, Anthrax and the Plague could so very easily be isolated from nature, and were more deadly than an atomic bomb and with some antibiotics, their agents would not get the disease. They love the sweet irony of buying it from the Americans, and then using it on them.

CHAPTER 2

2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF MICRO-ORGANISMS

Micro-organisms are minute living organisms, usually microscopic (that is, too small to be seen by the unaided eye). When magnified 500 to 1000 times by the microscope, each micro-organism is found to be composed of a single cell or a group of associated cells, each of which is capable of carrying on all the functions of life, including growth and reproduction. Lacking a digestive tract, the micro-organism acquires food in soluble form through the moist membrane which surrounds the cell contents. Not possessing organs of sight, it does not differentiate light and darkness by the visual method. Having no heat regulating system it assumes the temperature of its surroundings. Micro-organisms are so small that the unit applied in their measurement is the micro, which is equivalent to 0.001 millimetre or approximately 1/25,000 of an inch. Micro-organisms capable of producing disease are called pathogens. Most of the pathogens are parasites, since they five in, on, or with some other living host at whose expense they obtain food and shelter. Organisms which multiply in dead rather than in living matter are called saprophytes. While most of these are harmless, some produce poisonous products which cause disease. Examples of some of these harmful saprophytes are the bacteria which cause tetanus, producing their poison in macerated, devitalised tissue, and those which cause botulism manufacturing their toxin in food outside of the body. Most micro-organisms are non-pathogenic, and many are beneficial to animal and plant fife. From the secretions of certain micro-organisms some of the most powerful antibiotics, such as chloromycetin, penicillin, and streptomycin, have been obtained.

Micro-organisms are important in the preparation of dairy products and in the fermentation industry (for example, rising of bread and production of vinegar and alcoholic beverages). Sod fertility is largely dependent upon their activity in decomposing dead matter and releasing the elements needed for the growth of plants. Micro-organisms are universally distributed in the air, water, and soil. Soil organisms are found in all surfaces exposed to dirt and dust, and every cubic foot of topsoil provides the natural home for billions of them. The skin, hair, nose, mouth, and digestive tract of man and animals harbour a considerable variety of micro-organisms in large numbers. However, the pathogenic, or disease-producing organisms of man, animals, and plants, with very few exceptions, usually do not live long or grow when in the absence of a suitable host, and favourable environmental conditions are necessary for survival.

2.2 GROWTH AND SURVIVAL

Numerous factors influence the growth of micro-organisms, which are more dependent on a delicately adjusted environment than are higher forms of life. Some of their requirements are:

2.3 REPRODUCTION

May be sexual or asexual, depending on the micro-organism, but the asexual process is the more common.

2.4 IDENTIFICATION

The methods involved in the identification of most micro-organisms are difficult and time-consuming and usually are dependent upon obtaining living organisms. As organisms exhibit preference for environments in which they will grow (that is, the type of material required for their survival), information as to the source of the organism is of value in establishing its identity. Usually, such information will not be immediately available under the conditions of biological warfare. Laboratory procedures are used to establish or confirm the identity of a micro-organism. A few of these methods are described below.

2.5 INHIBITION AND DESTRUCTION

The term "inhibition" is used to indicate arrest in growth or multiplication (reproduction), while destruction refers to death; sterilisation is synonymous with destruction. These phenomena may be brought about by physical, chemical, or biological means.

2.6 GENERAL, CHEMICAL

Many chemical compounds are used to destroy or inhibit the growth of micro-organisms. Disinfectants are materials such as germicides and bactericides, which destroy pathogenic micro-organisms. Antiseptics are substances which inhibit the growth and development of micro-organisms, but do not necessarily destroy them. Some chemicals are powerful disinfectants, while others are only inhibitors. Among the common disinfectant and antiseptic preparations are mercuric chloride, silver nitrate, tincture of iodine, chlorine, phenol, cresol, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, hypochlorites, and acids or alkalis. The vapors of propylene glycol, triethylene glycol and ethylene oxide are also effective disinfectants and decontaminate. Proper concentration, temperature, and length of exposure are critical factors in the employment of all these materials.

2.7 BIOLOGICAL

2.8 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, GENERAL

Infection occurs when pathogenic micro-organisms invade the tissue, multiply, and produce injury or death. It represents a conflict between the invader and the living object of attack, in which the host strives to resist the invasion and repel the invading organisms. If they are repelled, the defender suffers no ill effects; if not, infection occurs. Factors which influence the outcome of the struggle are the portals of entry, the virulence and number of organisms, and the defensive powers of the defender-man, animal, or plant. Micro-organisms range from those which produce disease (pathogens) to those which do not produce disease (non-pathogens). Under some circumstances, organisms that are considered non-pathogenic may produce infections; examples are the normal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract which can produce disease like peritonitis, colitis, and urinary tract infections. Infections may or may not be transmissible to other individuals. A contagious disease is an infection which spreads readily from one individual to another by direct or indirect contact. Examples are Typhoid fever, Plague, and Cholera.

2.9 FACTORS OF INFECTION

2.10 RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

The ability of the body to fight off or overcome an infection is known as resistance. The first fine of defence is provided by the skin and mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts, and their secretions. These help prevent entrance of micro-organisms into deeper tissues, which have little ability to ward off invasion. The second fine of defence, of which the lymphatic system is a part, is a cellular one. Specific migrating cells of the body attack and destroy the invading organisms. The third line of defence is presented by the blood, which has neutralising bodies, and the liver and spleen, to which it carries organisms and toxins to be destroyed or inactivated.

2.11 IMMUNITY, GENERAL

The ability of the living individual to resist or overcome infection or injury by a pathogenic agent is known as immunity. Relative resistance to infection is dependent upon all the protective barriers, including the skin, mucous membranes, tissue cells, and blood. Resistance due to the presence of certain antibodies in the tissue is the primary factor in determining an individual's immunity. Immunity may be classified into several types.

2.12 VECTORS OF DISEASE

In general, the term "vector" refers to the arthropods, including such as mosquitoes, flies, fleas, and lice, and a few acarids, such as mites and ticks. In some cases higher animals such as rats, cats, dogs and even man himself are considered vectors.

CHAPTER 3 - GENERAL PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS

3.1 PURPOSE

The purpose of using BW agents is to produce widespread injury or death in man. Under the term "living organisms" are included not only micro-organisms, but also higher forms of animal life which injury by acting as vectors of disease. The micro-organisms which could be used as BW agents are "FEW", compared with the total number known, but they include the most promising candidates. Any pathogens that could cause diseases having high mortality or morbidity rates might be useful in Biological warfare. The toxins are comparatively scarce in number; while they include some of the most poisonous substances known, practical problems exist which will have to be solved before their potential usefulness can be ascertained. In the former Soviet Union, after an enormous out lay of capital, came up with an effective Biotoxin weapon. This weapon was known by the term "yellow rain", the process involves the solvent extraction of a toxin produced by Staphylococci aureus which causes Disseminated Intra vascular Coagulation. This toxin was impregnated upon wheat flower giving it a yellow color. This material had to be maintained in an oxygen free environment prior to being used, as oxygen would deactivate the toxin within 48 hours. The toxin was delivered to target area in two ways, one way was to spray it from aircraft over a target area. The toxin settled to the ground in a yellow mist, thus the term "yellow rain"; the lethal dose was very small. Once inhaled, the blood started to coagulate from the head and lungs. Death resulted with in minutes and as the toxin was deactivated with in forty eight hours, soldiers could quickly and safely enter the area. This toxin weapon was also mounted onto RPGs for selected targets. Another Biotoxin developed by the former Soviet Union was the STAR. This was pure crystalline Botulism toxin and is the most powerful poison known. It was believed to be a sabotage weapon, to be directed against municipal water supplies. It is unknown how far this project went, or if it was even completed. If indeed this project was completed and a terrorist group obtained this weapon, and introduced it into a city's water supply the death toll would be enormous. The only defence against this toxin is to boil the water before drinking as botulism toxin is heat liable and only five minutes of boiling will deactivate it.

3.2 PROPERTIES PECULIAR TO BW AGENTS

Most of the BW agents, particularly the pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins, have certain properties not possessed in general by other weapons. They have a delayed action it that a lag or incubation period, often of days, must elapse between the time the victim is exposed to an infectious agent and the time when he comes down with the disease. Identification of microbial agents is difficult and slow as their presence cannot be detected by the unaided senses; it takes hours and usually days for microbial agents to develop in artificial media. However recently developed immunological procedures such as precipitant, agglutination, immune diffusion, complement fixation, enzyme immune assay (EIA) make for rapid identification of possible BW agents. The micro-organisms are living agents in contrast to other agents of warfare. Under favourable conditions pathogenic micro-organisms can reproduce and multiply in the host, so that small numbers of pathogens may in time constitute a grave risk to health or perhaps to fife. Some contagious pathogens spread from individual to individual and cause epidemics. Most are also quite selective, attacking only certain species of animals or plants. While a given weight of biological agent theoretically may be many times more dangerous than an equal amount of the most effective chemical agent, from a practical standpoint its activity is strictly limited by its ability to survive and maintain its virulence under exposure to air, light, cold, dryness and dissemination methods and its ability to overcome the resistance of the target host. Finally, biological agents lend themselves well to covert use, because the small amounts of material needed are easily concealed, transported, and used in sabotage operations. Because of the relatively small amounts required, their cost should be much less than that of other agents or weapons.

3.3 EPIDEMIC SPREAD

A regional outbreak of a contagious disease which attacks many individuals and spreads rapidly is called an epidemic. In each condition there is an unseal increase in the number of cases of the disease in a limited time among a limited population. In nature, the spread of disease occurs from direct contact between individuals, from contact with or ingestion of excreta and contaminated food, from exposure to dusts and mists of infected material (aerosols), and through transmission by animal or insect vectors. Following large-scale dissemination of a biological agent, an initial outbreak of disease of epidemic proportions might occur. This might or might not be followed by a secondary or epidemic spread of the disease, depending upon its relative contagiousness, the presence or absence of favourable environmental conditions, and other factors. Since epidemics among the human population can be prevented or controlled by sanitation, immunisation. quarantine, and treatment, rapidly spreading epidemics are not considered to be likely aftermath's of biological attacks in civilised countries as long as these controlling factors remain at a high level of efficiency. Epizootic among animals have more dangerous possibilities than do epidemics among persons because of the herding and feeding habits of animals; their control or elimination requires extensive use of costly diagnostic and immunological procedures, quarantine where possible, and often the destruction of large numbers of infected animals. Effective measures of preventing of controlling plant epiphytotics and pest infestations are even more deficient and possibly, because of the tremendous amounts of manpower and materials required, the vectors involved, and the areas to be covered.

CHAPTER 8 - BIOLOGICAL WARFARE

8.1 YOU MUST KNOW THE SCORE

This book is for you, the North American resident. Its purpose is to help you perform your job under BW conditions and to live to tell about it. The material presented in this manual is applicable to both germ and biotoxin warfare. When any poison gets into your body, it can cause sickness or death. Likewise, when biotoxin, or biological attacks occur, some casualties are certain.

Casualties are people put out of action, sick, wounded, missing, or killed. Biological agents cause casualties just as bullets and high explosives do. However, the number of casualties will depend on the knowledge of the North American citizen. Learn now what you can do to protect yourself and to help maintain the efficiency of your community. The skill of you, the individual North American, in protecting yourself will help determine the success of your community. Users of this book are encouraged to submit recommended changes or comments for its improvement. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and fine of the text in which change is recommended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to insure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should be forwarded direct to my attention.

8.2 WHY THIS BOOK WAS WRITTEN

By studying this book you will learn basic facts that you must know in order to survive during a biological attack and maintain your job. It will answer most of your questions about survival under Biological Warfare conditions.

8.3 HOW TO GET THE MOST FROM THIS BOOK

As you read and study this book, ask yourself the following questions:

In this book are the facts which answer these questions for you. Remember them! They can save your life!

8.4 WHY BIOLOGICAL WARFARE MUST BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY

Micro-organisms are living organisms that are so small they can be seen only through a microscope. Of the thousands of them in the world around us, the vast majority are harmless or actually beneficial to man. Only a few of the disease-producing micro-organisms are harmful enough to be considered for employment as biological agents. A biological operation is the employment of biological agents as a weapon system to produce casualties or damage. A group of larger organisms, capable of caring a disease-producing micro-organism to an individual or from one individual to another, are known as vectors and also can be considered for use in biological operations. These vectors include flies, misquotes, fleas, ticks, and lice.

8.5 HOW THE ENEMY MAY ATTACK YOU

The following are examples of munitions that a modem enemy may use against you in biological warfare. These munitions are regarded as sound methods of conducting operations. However, other means of attack are also possible and may be used by an enemy to achieve surprise.

When biological agents are inhaled, reaching the stomach through consumption of contaminated food or water, or are introduced through the skin, incapacitating or fatal diseases can result. Protecting yourself so that you can continue your job against an enemy (foreign or domestic) using biological agents is your primary concern. To protect yourself against any danger, you must know what the danger is, how it affects you, and how to recognise its presence. Correct individual defensive measures can protect you from many of the hazards you may face from biological agents. Therefore, learning these measures can mean not only that you live to tell about it, but also that your community stays on the job to defeat the enemy.

8.6 WHERE TOXIC AGENTS CAN ENTER YOUR BODY

You may rightly conclude that any equipment that win keep biological agents out of your lungs, out of your eyes, and off your skin will PROTECT you. The types of protective equipment provided and the protective measures needed to block the entry of biological agents into your body are described in the chapters which follow. As a well-trained resident of North America, you must know how to use your protective equipment, and how to make the most of any shelter you may have. Using this knowledge, you will be prepared to protect yourself against the weapons of Germ warfare and, at the same time, to carry on your job.

An important consideration in protecting yourself and continuing your job in any future conflict is to realise that the danger of chemical and biological operations may exist simultaneously or separately. The enemy will use any weapon or any combination of weapons which he thinks will put you and your community out of action. This means that he may use chemical weapon and then follow up with a biological attack. He may use toxic chemical weapons to contaminate certain areas in the hope of making our citizens more vulnerable to biological attack. He may use biological agents to inflict personnel losses, hoping to lower your community's defensive power against his assaults. Learn now how to protect yourself against all the weapons of modem warfare. Stay constantly alert to any indication that the enemy has used a biological agent. Don't panic!

8.7 FIRST AID IS VITAL

Now more than ever, it is necessary for the individual North American know well those measures which can save his or her life and the lives of others. If you have not received prior training in the special measures required following exposure to biological agents, they may at first seem difficult to remember or difficult to do. Use this book as a reference and as an aid in getting them firmly fixed in your mind. In any case, be ready to rely on your self when first aid is required, and your chances of survival will be greatly increased.

8.8 BIOLOGICAL AGENTS CAN BE NEUTRALISED

It is possible to make biological agents lose their harmful effects and to remove contamination by procedures referred to as decontamination. Details of how you as an individual can accomplish decontamination are covered in later chapters. The knowledge that biological agents can be made ineffective should build confidence in your ability to continue your job in the presence of these agents.

8.9 EVERY NORTH AMERICAN MUST KNOW

As a North American, you must master the six objectives listed above. Learning these objectives now will make the next chapters easier to read and understand. When you have mastered the six objectives fisted, the payoff will justify your efforts. You and your community will then be prepared to perform your jobs against an enemy using biological and chemical agents. Such preparedness results when training, knowledge, confidence, and courage replace fear and panic.

CHAPTER 9 - PROCEDURES IN BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS GENERAL

9.1 BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS DEFINED

Biological agents are micro-organisms which cause death in man. A biological operation, then, is the employment of biological agents by a weapon system to produce casualties or damage. It is the intentional use of biological agents that makes biological operations different from natural disease hazards. Actually, everyone is waging a fight against micro-organisms from the moment they are born. Shortly after birth, the eyes of an infant are disinfected-freed from dangerous micro-organisms. At home the parents continue his fight against micro-organisms by keeping their body and clothes clean, sterilising milk and bottles, keeping them away from people with colds, and seeing that they gets certain immunisations ("shots"). You win remember that at a very young age you were impressed with the importance of personal cleanliness, and probably before you entered school you were given a smallpox vaccination. Any belief that biological operations concern some unknown super-weapon is not based on fact. Man's fight against disease-producing micro-organisms has gone on since the beginning of time. Biological operations are simply a man made attempt to produce disease on a large scale.

9.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

Whereas some micro-organisms cause such diseases as typhoid and cholera, others are used to produce antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, Aureomycin, and others) that fight diseases. Most micro-organisms, in fact, are not harmful to man. Many industries today use certain desirable bacteria and fungi. Yeast, a group of fungi, is used in the manufacture of bread and beer. Molds, also fungi, are used in making vinegar and cheese and in such industries as textile manufacturing and leather tanning. Only a few types of micro-organisms produce disease. Even fewer types are so infective and so hardy that they can be used as biological agents.

These four micro-organisms, in this order, would be the most likely candidates for use in a biological attack by a terrorist organisation or nation. And will be the ones that we will concentrate our defence and treatment against. Since micro-organisms are living matter, they behave as do other living things. They multiply, breath, eat, grow, and die. They depend on moisture, food, and certain limits of temperature for life and growth. When their surroundings do not provide suitable conditions, they die. Most micro-organisms are killed by such simple acts as boiling, adding purification tablets to water, cooking food, or exposure to sunlight. They also can be removed with soap and water.

Biological agents can be released into the air to travel downwind as aerosols composed of tiny particles. These particles, which are smaller than dust particles, normally cannot be seen as they travel downwind and can go wherever dust can go. Unless a protective mask is worn, the biological agent particles will be inhaled and thus cause infection that can result in sickness or death. Biological agents can also contaminate food and water supplies and, in some cases, clothing and equipment. These agents may also be spread by vectors such as mosquitoes, fleas, flies, or ticks. Some of the biological agents may live in the target area for long periods of time. The majority, however, will probably die within a few hours when exposed to sunlight.

9.3 WAYS OF KILLING MICRO-ORGANISMS

Biological agents cannot be detected by your five senses or by chemical detectors. Their presence can be confirmed only by laboratory examination. Furthermore, biological agents do not produce immediate effects. The time between exposure to an agent and the beginning of disease symptoms (known as the incubation period) can vary from a few hours to several days, depending upon the agent used. Men exposed to equal amounts of an agent will react differently. Some may escape disease entirely, others may have very mild attacks, while others may become seriously ill.

9.4 HOW BIOLOGICAL AGENTS GET INTO THE BODY

Most biological agents in aerosol form get into the body through the respiratory tract. Some agents may also be used to contaminate water or food and thus could enter your body if you drink the contaminated water or ate the contaminated food. If your hands are contaminated, it is possible for you to transfer a biological agent to your mouth or to food you handle. If vectors are used to spread a biological agent, the agent would probably enter the body as a result of a vector bite. Remember that although contaminated food or water and vector bites can permit biological agents to enter the body, the main danger in the event of a biological agent attack is breathing the agent aerosols. Your protective mask, if property fitted, will prevent agents in the aerosol from entering your body.

9.5 THE DANGERS OF BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

Biological operations present dangers that you must be prepared to meet. Among the dangers are new ways of disseminating biological agents, and new agents that might be developed. When a person coughs or sneezes, tiny drops of moisture are blown from his mouth and nose into the air. If he is ill, the spray may carry harmful micro-organisms to other persons. Scientists working in laboratories have found that they are able to spread biological agents in much the same way in the form of an aerosol. Thus, the micro- organisms can be dispersed by special spray devices or by munitions designed to produce an aerosol upon impact. When micro-organisms are disseminated in this manner, anyone who breathes the aerosol is likely to become infected. Aerosols normally will be invisible a few feet from the point of dissemination.

CHAPTER 10 - FACTS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

Biological agents are hard to detect and identify. There is no simple method of detecting biological agents, since they are tiny particles of living matter so small they can be seen only under a microscope. These tiny living particles are referred to as micro-organisms. Positive identification of a biological agent is more difficult than is the detection of the possible presence of such an agent. Positive identification may require from several days to weeks and can be made only by trained personnel. This is true, first, because it may be necessary to wait from a few days to weeks for symptoms of the disease to appear in infected persons. Second, laboratory analysis of material taken from sick individuals and a study of disease symptoms must be made before an agent can be identified. You cannot see, feel, or taste micro-organisms spread in a biological attack. Even though biological agents are hard to detect, you must do what you can to alert your community or the CDC of an attack at the earliest possible moment. Every clue counts. A prompt report of suspicious clues or activities may lead to the prevention of many cases of illness and may even prevent deaths. You should inform your community leaders or local Health Department of any illness you or your buddies have. Report at once any food or water suspected of making you ill. The appearance of certain clues may warn you of, or cause you to suspect, a biological attack.

You can assist in the detection by reporting to your community leaders the location of any of the following suspicious items or circumstances:

CHAPTER 11 - HOW TO PROTECT YOURSELF AGAINST BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

In the event of biological attack, you have several effective ways of protecting yourself. BIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS IN A NUTSHELL; The employment of biological agents by a weapon system to produce casualties; Protection against biological agent attack:

11. 1 HEALTH

Guard your health by good diet, sleep, and exercise. A clean body and sanitary living area help prevent the spread of disease, regardless of its source.

11.2 SHOTS

Keep your immunisations up to date, You should have your doctor give you a Pneumococcal Polysaccharide vaccination. It will increase your body's resistance to disease and may save your life.

11.3 PURITY

Eat and drink from only approved sources. The enemy may try to contaminate food and water. Contaminated food or water can cause sickness or death.

11.4 REPORT

Be alert. Report suspicions activities to you local community leader. The enemy may use sabotage and other means of employing biological agents.

11.5 COVER

Micro-organisms must enter your body to cause disease. Your protective mask and protective clothing properly worn will protect you.

11.6 AVOID

Contaminated areas. You help the enemy if you catch and spread disease.

11.7 SCRUB

Hands and face with soap and water frequently. Take a complete bath as often as possible.

11.8 STERILISE

Clothing should be either boiled, scrubbed with soap and water, dry-cleaned, or aired in the sun.

11.9 ANTIBIOTICS

Purchase and have on hand as large a supply of the following as you can afford. Antibiotics may be obtained in quantities from farmers' supply facilities (Quality Farm and Fleet, CO-OP, Landmark, etc.). at least:

11.10 MEDICAL SUPPLIES:

The most important ones are:

CHAPTER 12 - GUARDING AGAINST CONTAMINATION, BACTERIAL & VIRAL

12. 1

Thorough hand washing with soap and water before and after contact with any sick person as well as any contact with potentially contaminated surfaces is simple medical common sense. The Orientals have for centuries not touched strangers when greeting. Instead, they politely bow or place hands in a prayer like gesture demonstrating a recognition of the other person's presence. Military tradition, for as far back in time as one cares to go, dictated a non-touching hand salute. It could very well be that in cultures where touching was a routine gesture of stranger greeting and recognition, the hand-shakers and the "touchy-feely" peoples died off from infectious diseases that were easily spread by hand contact, leaving behind cultures that didn't touch to survive and populate those areas. It would be to our advantage that in the future North Americans adopt a non-touching hand salute to reduce the possible spread of disease.

12.2

If one is administering aid to one suspected of having been exposed to a biological agent, one should wear latex rubber gloves if one is going to deal with any blood, secretions, body fluids, or any article that has been soiled by them.

12.3

Any environmental surface contaminated by those citizens suspected of been exposed to a biological agent by means of those persons' body fluids, blood, vomit, saliva, bowl movements, or bodily secretions should be cleaned up immediately or avoided. The fluids should be placed in an air tight plastic bag and incinerated. The surface or article should then be cleaned with a disinfectant. At least one part household bleach to nine parts water should be sufficient. Be aware of cross contamination. Any object that has been in contact with the fluid should also be considered to be contaminated. It the body fluid splatters on clothing, remove the clothing or soak it with a disinfectant.

12.4

If you are near anyone who is coughing and not wearing a mask or cannot be compelled to wear a mask, then you should wear a mask when you are in close proximity to them.

12.5

Protective eye-wear should be worn in any situation wherein a splatter of blood, bloody secretions or body fluids are possible.

12.6

Any bedding, towels, or clothing used or touched by the infected should be washed in hot, bleached, soapy water before being used by anyone else.

12.7

Do not use or reuse any sharp instruments, needles, or syringes that have come in contact with another person. If you are required to handle such instruments, be extremely cautious not to cut your skin or puncture yourself with them. If someone loans you a needle or tweezers to remove a sliver or piece of glass from the skin, sterilise them by passing them through a flame or soaking for at least 15 minutes in a strong disinfectant. For glass hypodermic syringes & reusable needles, scalpel, tweezers and other sterilizable medical instruments, the common household pressure cooker can be used to sterilise these instruments. By simply placing one cup of water in the bottom of the cooker, then inserting the rack that accompany most household pressure cookers, and them placing the instruments to be sterilised upon the rack. Cover and place on moderate heat, start counting when the steam jiggle starts to jiggle. Set a timer for 30 minutes, this will kill even the most resistant spores of anthrax and all viruses.

12.8

Do not share eating utensils with a person who you suspect to have been exposed to a biological agent or to be a carrier in the case with typhoid nor allow them access to your food whereby their secretions, open sores, or blood could contaminate your food. Avoid any food handling institutions where you cannot vouch personally for the employees. Be very discriminating in where you eat. Observe the employees in the restaurant you routinely visit.

If they appear unhealthy, consider an alternative eating establishment. If you are eating in a strange place, insure that the food is steaming when it is served to you. Dining out in a restaurant is not without risk especially where persons who are infected with an biological agent and other food borne infectious diseases are possibly employed. You must assume that the employees are infected until medical testing proves otherwise. Make certain that the utensils are clean and the food has been prepared recently and is still fresh. Cold salads, peeled fruit dishes, cream dishes, open public access salad bars, cold food counters, and buffets have always been dangerous propositions in foreign countries, and as the infectious disease rates increase in this country similar considerations will apply depending upon the local and the prevalence of infectious persons. Most credible diarrheal disease experts recommend that one not eat food unless it is steaming when it arrives at the table. This will insure that the food was raised once to the boiling point. This amount of heat win destroy many protozoans, bacteria, and viruses, however it is not sufficient to destroy anthrax spores, and it is not to be considered a sterilisation process. Some organisms will only be killed by prolonged high temperatures. It has been said that frying a food thoroughly adequately sterilises it. Avoid under cooked seafood, especially when cholera has been reported to be in the area, and under no circumstances eat any under cooked sea food that you suspect may have come from the Gulf of Mexico. This area already has established a cholera foci.

Avoid sauces prepared with raw eggs (mayonnaise, hollandaise, etc.) as eggs are a source of salmonella. Food that has remained at room temperature for a prolonged time, even though re-refrigerated, is a good candidate for contamination. The common practice whereby a person licks a spoon and then uses it to take contents out of a food container contaminates the food container with the micro-organisms from his/her mouth. Avoid condiments (Catsup, mustard, hot sauces, etc. that allow for communal use in restaurants that you do not trust because one never knows with whom one is communing. If food is catered, evaluate the hygiene and risk group status of persons who prepare the food. It is not unreasonable to refuse a plate that has thumb prints on the eating surface or that has visible evidence of finger traffic. Dishes which predispose a number of persons to dip into with crackers, chips or bread can become contaminated when people take additional dips with the same piece of food that has touched their mouth. If the need arises, a pressure cooker provides sufficient sterilising capacity for any food, utensil, or dressing.

CHAPTER 13 - PREPARATION OF VETERINARY & AGRICULTURE ANTIBIOTICS FOR HUMAN USE

13.1

These four micro-organisms, in this order, would be the most likely candidates for use in a biological attack by a terrorist organisation or nation. Consequently these will be the ones that we will concentrate our defence and treatment against.

13.2

13.3

Panmycin (tetracycline hydrochloride) may be obtained in quantities from farmers supply facilities (e.g.., Quality Farm and Fleet, CO-OP, LANDMARK, etc.). Panmycin is sold for pneumonia and scours treatment and states on the label that it is not for human use, however the panmycin contained in these bolus tablets and that from a pharmacy is identical. These Veterinary panmycin bolus tablets are deliberately made too large for human use, 1.115 inches long, 3/5 inch wide, 1/2 inch deep. Thus in order for this antibiotic to be used, it must be reduced to a powder.

First you may need to obtain a grain mill, coffee grinder etc. One of the finest compact & versatile grain mills we've tested. The Back-to-Basics grain mill can be obtained from:
  NITRO-PACK PREPAREDNESS CENTER
    151 North Main St
    Heber City Utah 84032
    1-800-866-4876; Priced at $64.95.

Also can be obtained from:
  Lehman's Hardware and Appliances
    One Lehman Circle, PO Box 41
    Kidron, Ohio 44636 (USA)
    1-216-857-5757
    Fax 1-216-857-5785
    Priced At $75.95

Or a good quality food blender, Vita-Mix is the best obtainable and can be acquired from a good health food store or catalogue. This will save a lot of time and energy.

Second you will need a pestle, a 1/4 inch by 6 inch dowel rod may be used, however one of the best we have tested is a bullet starter used by muzzle loader enthusiasts. This has a round wooden ball with a short brass rod and a 1/4 inch by six inch dowel rod with a brass tip. And may be obtained a most sporting shops for around $5. This will be used to help the crushed Panmycin feed through the grain mill. (this is not required if you have a good quality Vita-Mx food blender). Third you will need a pair of channel locks or vice grips obtainable at any automotive supply.

13.4 PROCEDURE

First attach the grain mill to a counter top or table. Second take a Panmycin bolus tablet and place in the jaws of the channel locks or vice grips placing the bolus length wise, crush and allow the pieces to fall into the grain mill hopper. Third while turning the grain mill handle push the crushed pieces into the grain mill burr, (you will find it easier if you loosen the knob on the grain mill handle, this will allow bigger pieces to feed), the panmycin is reduced to a fine powder.(With the Vita-Mis you just pour the large pills into the blender and turn it on). An RCBS 5-0-5 powder scale makes an good scale for weighing out antibiotic dosage and can be obtained from most reloading shops for about $45, these scales measure in grains.

PANMYCIN: AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR PLAGUE, CHOLERA, & TYPHOID FEVER

13.5 PANMYCIN DOSAGE..

Take the 118A7 capsule filling machine Insert the 117A8 00 Empty Capsules and fill with the Panmycin powder. Each LEVEL TEA SPOON = 6 CAPSULES

An alternative would be to weigh out the panmycin powder and mixed with a small amount of water, (about enough for a swallow), and chase it with a glass of water. For children you can take a small glass of water, add the panmycin and a teaspoon of brown sugar. If the children object to the taste panmycin can also be mixed with a glass of CLUB SODA brought to room temperature, and swallowed swiftly. If a person starts hearing a wringing sound in the ears decrease dosage. (You will thank your lucky stars that you purchased the capsule machine and capsule so that this method could be avoided)

13.6 TERRAMYCIN

(Oxytetracycline HCL) may be obtained in quantities from farmers' supply facilities (Quality-Farm and Fleet, CO-OP, LANDMARK, etc.).Terramycin is sold for bacterial enteritis and bacterial pneumonia treatment and states on the label that it is not for human use, however the terramycin contained in these bolus tablets and that from a pharmacy is identical. These Veterinary terramycin bolus tablets are deliberately made too large for human use, 1.1 inch long, .5 inch wide, .4 inch deep. Thus in order for this antibiotic to be used, it must be reduced to a powder.

First you need to obtain a grain mill, coffee grinder etc.,. One of the finest compact & versatile grain mills we've tested, The Back-To-Basics grain mill can be obtained from:
  NITRO-PACK PREPAREDNESS CENTER
    151 NORTH MAIN ST.
    HEBER CITY, UTAH 84032
    1-800-866-4876
    Priced at $64.95.

Also can be obtained from:
  Lehman's Hardware and Appliances
    One Lehman Circle, PO Box 41
    Kidron, Ohio 44636 (USA)
    1-216-857-5757,
    Fax 1-216-857-5785
    Priced At $75.95.

(this is not required if you have a good quality Vita-Mix food blender)

Second you will need a pestle, a 1/4 inch by 6 inch dowel rod may be used, however one of the best we have tested is a bullet starter used by muzzle loader enthusiasts. This has a round wooden ball with a short brass rod and a 1/4 inch by six inch dowel rod with a brass tip. It may be obtained a most sporting shops for around $5. This will be used to help the crushed Paninycin feed through the grain mill (this is not required if you have a good quality Vita-Mix food blender). Third you will need a pare of channel locks or vice grips. This can be obtained at any automotive supply.

13.7 PROCEDURE

First attach the grain mill to a counter top or table. Second take a Terramycin bolus tablet and place in the jaws of the channel locks or vice grips placing the bolus length wise, crush and allow the pieces to fall into the grain mill hopper. Third while turning the grain mill handle push the crushed pieces into the grain mill burr, (you will find it easier if you loosen the knob on the grain mill handle, this will allow bigger pieces to feed), the terramycin is reduced to a fine powder (this is not required if you have a good quality Vita-Mix food blender). An RCBS 5-0-5 powder scale makes an good scale for weighing out antibiotic dosage and can be obtained from most reloading shops for about $45, these scales measure in GRAINS.

TERRAMYCIN AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR
PLAGUE, CHOLERA, TYPHOID FEVER, & ANTHRAX

13.8 TERRAMYCIN DOSAGE

Take the 118A7 capsule filling machine and insert the 117A8 00 Empty Capsules and fill with the Terramycin powder. Each LEVEL TEA SPOON = 6 CAPSULES

An alternative would be to weighed out the Terramycin powder and mixed with a small amount of water, (about enough for a swallow), and chased with a glass of water. For children you can take a small glass of water, add the panmycin and a teaspoon of brown sugar. If the children object to the taste panmycin can also be mixed with a glass of CLUB SODA brought to room temperature, and swallowed swiftly. If a person starts hearing a ringing sound in the ears decrease dosage. (You will thank your lucky stars that you purchased the capsule machine and capsule so that this method could be avoided)

13.9 TERRAMYCIN SOLUBLE POWDER

(Oxytetracycline HCL) may be obtained in quantities from farmers supply facilities (Quality Farm and Fleet, CO-OP, LANDMARK, etc.). Terramycin is sold for bacterial enteritis and bacterial pneumonia treatment and states on the label that it is not for human use. However, the terramycin contained in this soluble powder and that from a pharmacy is identical. It has the advantage of being in a powder form and would not have to be ground like the Terramycin Scours bolus tablets. However, each level teaspoon provides approximately 200 mg of terramycin compared to 350 mg per teaspoon for the Terramycin Scours bolus tablets.

TERRAMYCIN IS AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR
PLAGUE, CHOLERA, TYPHOID FEVER, ANTHRAX.

Terramycin soluble powder dosage:

Take the 118A7 capsule filling machine and insert the 117A8 00 Empty Capsules and fill with the Terramycin powder. Each LEVEL TEA SPOON = 6 CAPSULES

An alternative would be to weigh out the Terramycin powder and mixed with a small amount of water, (about enough for a swallow), and chase with a glass of water. For children you can take a small glass of water, add the Terramycin and a teaspoon of brown sugar. If the children object to the taste Terramycin can also be mixed with a glass of CLUB SODA brought to room temperature, and swallowed swiftly. If a person starts hearing a ringing sound in the ears decrease dosage. (You will thank your lucky stars that you purchased the capsule machine and capsule so that this method could be avoided)

13.10 PEN-AQUEOUS (PENICILLIN G PROCAINE), or, AGRI-STREPT (STERILE PENICILLIN G PROCAINE AND DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN SULFATE)

May be obtained in quantities from farmers' supply facilities (Quality Farm and Fleet, CO OP, LAND , etc.). A warning on the label states for animal use only, however this product is identical to that used in hospitals and doctors' offices. When properly used in the treatment of disease caused by Anthrax, Streptococcus pneumonia, and secondary infections caused by micro-organisms susceptible to Penicillin or Dihydrostreptomycin, most sick individuals that have been treated with these antibiotics show a noticeable improvement within 36 to 48 hours.

AGRI-STREP comes in a 100 ml multiple dosage sterile vial. This product is ready for immediate injection (for intramuscular injection only) after the vial is shaken to insure a uniform suspension. Injection is made deep into the buttock muscle, after making sure the needle is not in a blood vessel (after the needle is inserted, pull out slightly on the syringe, if blood comes into the syringe, reposition the needle). Before the injection, wash the injection site thoroughly with soap and water and then paint it with a germicide such as iodine or alcohol. Change the site for each subsequent injection. Rarely do side reactions or so-called allergic manifestations occur in individuals treated with this antibiotic. If any undesirable reactions are noted, discontinue the use of this drug immediately.

13.11 AGRI-STREPT OR PEN-AQUEOUS DOSAGE

Dosage determined by body weight, refer to the following chart

POUNDS OF BODY WEIGHT
0 TO 10 LBS. l.0 ML
10 TO 40 LBS. 2.0 ML
40 TO I 00 LBS. 2.0 TO 5.0 ML
100 TO 200 LB S. 5.0 TO 8.0 ML
200 LBS. OR OVER 8.0 TO 10.0 ML

At the same agriculture story you purchase the AGRI-STREPT you also need to purchase hypodermic syringe's and needles. These are usually kept under the counter or in a locked cabinet, and some places require you to sign for them, (do not be afraid of signing for the hypodermic syringe's or needles. However, it is best to buy your entire supply at one time rather than over a period of time, for they might think you are a junky). Purchase at least one vial of AGRI-STREPT preferably two per family member under 100 lb. These have a very good shelf life: 2 or 3 years at room temperature, 5 years+ if kept in the refrigerator.

For every family member under 100 lb purchase 20 B-D 5cc syringe with luer lok, part# 309603, and purchase # 40 B-D 2IG 1 .1/4 Precision Guide Needles, part#5166.

For every family member over 100 lb purchase 2 vials of Agri-strep, preferably 3.

For every family member over 100 lb purchase 10- 10 cc syringe's with lur lok, and #20 B-D 21 G I .1 /4 Precision Guide Needles, part # 5166.

One should purchase and have on hand three glass reusable hypodermic I Occ syringe's and three stainless steel reusable hypodermic needles 20G x 3/4. The needles can be purchased at the same agriculture store where you purchased the AGRI-STREPT. However, one may need to ask a friendly veterinary to obtain the glass hypodermic syringe, (some old vets have them laying around and will give them to you). These can be sterilised after each use in a home pressure cooker. Simply wrap individually each glass syringe and needle with aluminium foil. Place one cup of water in bottom of pressure cooker place rack in pressure cooker and place syringes and needles on rack. Pressure cook for at least 15 minutes after steam starts to escape, leave syringes and needles wrapped until just before use. Needles can be sharpened with a nail file before pressure cooking.

13.12 GIVING AN INJECTION ( Intramuscular, buttock, injection only)

CHAPTER 14 - TREATMENT FOR BIOLOGICAL AGENT CASUALTIES

14.1 ESSENTIALS OF UNIVERSAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS

These four micro-organisms, in this order, would be the most likely candidates for use in a biological attack by a terrorist organisation or nation. And will be the ones that we will concentrate our defence and treatment against. If you've ever had the flu, you will remember that you were not sure just when or where you were exposed to the disease. Several days after you were exposed you began to feel sick. Diseases caused by biological agents appear in much the same way-a few days to weeks after contact with the agent.

14.2 FIRST AID FOR BIOLOGICAL AGENT CASUALTIES

If you suspect that you have been exposed to a biological agent, thoroughly scrub your face and hands as soon as the situation permits. Use plenty of soap (a strong germicidal soap); brush your teeth and gums and then gargle with a hydrogen peroxide solution made from one ounce of 3% hydrogen peroxide and two ounces pure water. As soon as the situation permits, take a complete shower, using plenty of warm water and soap. If contaminated, all clothing should be decontaminated at the first opportunity.

If you suspect that a biological attack has been made, you must be doubly careful of what you eat and drink. Food and water are the natural homes of many disease producers; eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water is a sure way of getting biological agents into your body. If biological agent contamination is STRONGLY SUSPECTED, and you were wearing your respirator (GAS MASK) YOU MUST AT ONCE DECONTAMINATE THE OUTSIDE OF THE BODY. By taking a complete shower, using plenty of warm water and soap. If contaminated, all clothing should be decontaminated at the first opportunity. Take the appropriate antibiotic dosage for your body weight once, after you have left that area where you were at a heightened risk of exposure to the above microbes, and once more 12 hours later.

If you were not wearing your respirator (GAS MASK) and/or you have eaten contaminated food or have been drinking contaminated water, take a complete shower, using plenty of warm water and soap. If contaminated, all clothing should be decontaminated at the first opportunity.

YOU MUST AT ONCE DECONTAMINATE THE INSIDE OF THE BODY AS WELL. By taking the appropriate antibiotic dosage for your body weight twice daily for six days, if you have been exposed to above microbes.

14.3 FIRST AID FOR YERSINIA PESTIS (PLAGUE)

Remembered that untreated pneumonic plague kills from 98 to 100 percent of its victim, and that untreated intestinal plague kills 99.99 percent of its victims. Once pneumonic or intestinal plague is established, even with aggressive antibiotic therapy, it kills 95 % of its victims. If you are sure that you only breathed in the plague microbes and the only microbes that got into your intestinal system is those that you breathed in and swallowed, take the appropriate antibiotic dosage for your body weight, twice daily = for six days.

If you have eaten food or drank water that you "strongly" suspect may have been contaminated with plague and more than 12 hours has elapsed since exposure, take the appropriate antibiotic dosage for your body weight three times daily = for ten days.

14.4 FIRST AID FOR BACILLUS ANTHRACES (ANTHRAX)

Remembered that untreated pneumonic anthrax kills from 98 to 100 percent of its victims, and that untreated intestinal anthrax kills 99.99 percent of its victims. Once pneumonic or intestinal anthrax is established, even with aggressive antibiotic therapy, it kills 95% of its victims. Assume that the micro-organisms have contaminated the patient's lungs and if contaminated food or water have been consumed, the intestinal tract as well. The following decontamination procedure must be taken at once.

If you are sure that you only breathed in the anthrax microbes and the only microbes that got into your intestinal system are those that you breathed in and swallowed, and less than six hours has elapsed, take the appropriate antibiotic dosage for your body weight, twice dally = for six days, if more than six hours has elapsed, take the appropriate antibiotic for your body weight, three times daily = for ten days.

If you have eaten food or drank water that you "strongly" suspect may have been contaminated with anthrax microbes and less than 6 hours has elapsed since exposure, take the appropriate antibiotic dosage for your body weight, three times daily = for ten days. If more than 6 hours has elapsed since exposure, four times daily = for ten days.

14.5 FIRST AID FOR VIBRIO CHOLERA (CHOLERA)

Remembered that untreated cholera kills from 45 to 55 percent of its victim. Assume that the micro-organisms have contaminated the patient's intestinal tract and the following decontamination procedure must be taken at once.

If you have eaten food or drank water that you "strongly" suspect may have been contaminated with cholera microbes and less than 6 hours has elapsed since exposure, take the appropriate antibiotic dosage for your body weight, two times daily = for six days. If more than 6 hours has elapsed since exposure, three times daily = for ten days.

If you come down with cholera, use the calf electrolyte formula mixed in water at a rate of 1quart per 80 pounds of body weight 34 times per day for 2 days. For the following 2 days the solution should be diluted 1:1 with milk.

14.6 FIRST AID FOR SALMONELLA TYPHI (TYPHOID FEVER)

Remembered that untreated Typhoid fever kills from 5 to 10 percent of its victims. If you only suspect that you have drank water or eaten food contaminated with salmonella typhi and less than 6 hours has elapsed since exposure, take the appropriate antibiotic dosage for your body weight, two times daily = for four days. If more than 6 hours has elapsed since exposure, three times daily = for six days.

CHAPTER 15

If a person gets a disease from a biological agent, in spite of the preventive measures taken, the following procedures should be followed.

Essentials of universal safety precautions for health care providers:

15.1 YERSINIA PESTIS (PLAGUE)
SYLVATIC PLAGUE (SPREAD BY INFECTED FLEAS, BED BUGS, LICE)

Once in humans, cells of Y pestis usually travel to the lymph nodes, where they cause the formation of swollen areas referred to as buboes, for this reason the disease is frequently referred to as bubonic plague. The buboes become filled with Y pestis, but the distinct capsule on cells of Y pestis prevent them from being phagocytized. Secondary buboes form in peripheral lymph nodes and cells eventually enter the bloodstream, causing generalised septicaemia. Multiple haemorrhages produce dark splotches on the skin. If not treated prior to the bacteremia stage, the symptoms of plague, including extreme lymph node pain, prostration, shock, and delirium, usually cause death within 3 to 5 days.

TREATMENT

MEDICAL SUPPLIES NEEDED

PROCEDURE

PNEUMONIC PLAGUE

This occurs when cells of Y pestis are either inhaled directly or reach the lungs during bubonic plague. Symptoms are usually absent until the last day or two of the disease when large amounts of bloody sputum are emitted. Untreated cases rarely survive more than 2 days. Pneumonic plague, as one might expect, is a highly contagious disease, and can spread rapidly via the respiratory route if infected individuals are not immediately quarantined.

TREATMENT

SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE

This involves the rapid spread of Y pestis throughout the body without the formation of buboes, and usually causes death before a diagnosis can be made.

15.2 BACILLUS ANTHRACES (ANTHRAX)

Anthrax may appear in three forms in man-cutaneous, pulmonary, and intestinal. The cutaneous or skin form is characterised by carbuncles (boils) and swelling at the site of infection. Sometimes this local infection will develop into a systemic infection. The pulmonary form is an infection of the lungs contracted by inhalation of the spores. The intestinal form is contracted by eating contaminated food or insufficiently cooked meat of infected animals.

MEDICAL SUPPLIES NEEDED

TREATMENT of CUTANEOUS Anthrax (malignant pustule)

The mortality of untreated cutaneous anthrax ranges up to 25% and is the most commonly found in individuals who have been exposed to a biological attack and who were wearing their respirator but were not wearing an adequate protective garment, (tyvek sack suite). Infection is initiated by the entrance of bacilli through an abrasion of the skin. A pustule usually appears on the hands or forearms. The bacilli are readily recognised under a microscope from the serosanguineous discharge.

(TERRAMYCIN OR PANMYCIN may be used with people who are allergic to penicillin).

TREATMENT of PULMONARY Anthrax

The mortality rate in untreated pulmonary anthrax is almost 100%. This is the primary form of the disease found in individuals who were not wearing their respirator during an biological attack and breathed in the spores. The bacilli may be found in large numbers in the sputum if viewed under a microscope. If not properly treated, this form progresses to fatal septicaemia.

TREATMENT of GASTROINTESTINAL Anthrax

This is the most severe form of anthrax. The mortality rate in untreated gastrointestinal anthrax is 100%.. The bacilli or spores are swallowed, thus initiating intestinal infection. The organisms may be isolated from the patient's stools.

15.3 VIBRIO CHOLERA (CHOLERA)

Cholera, an acute infectious gastrointestinal disease, is characterised by sudden onset with nausea, vomiting, profuse watery diarrhea with "rice-water" appearance, rapid loss of body fluids, toxemia, and frequent collapse. The mortality rate in untreated cholera is almost 50%. This is the primary form of the disease found in individuals who were not wearing their respirator during an biological attack and breathed in and swallowed the micro-organisms, or who drank contaminated water or eaten contaminated food.

MEDICAL MATERIALS NEEDED

TREATMENT

The first consideration in the treatment of cholera is to replenish fluid and mineral losses of the body. This can be accomplished by taking either BIOLYTE or ANCHOR Calf rehydration powder, (although the package says that it is not for human use is in fact the same formula used in hospitals through out India), and dissolving one package in one quart of known pure water (distilled or boiled water cooled to room temperature). Administer the solution by feeding at the rate of 1 quart per 80 pounds body weight 3-4 times daily for 4 days as the only source of oral fluids. Drug therapy has little or no effect upon the clinical course of the disease. However, terramycin, given by mouth, causes rapid disappearance of the vibrio organisms, thus reducing the spread of the disease.

15.4 SALMONELLA TYPHOSA (TYPHOID FEVER)

Typhoid fever is a systemic infection characterised by continued fever, lymphoid tissue involvement, ulceration of the intestines, enlargement of the spleen, rose-colored spots on the skin, diarrhea, and constitutional disturbances. The mortality in untreated cases range from 0 to 10 percent. This is the primary form of the disease found in individuals who were not wearing their respirator during an biological attack and breathed in and swallowed the micro-organisms, or who drank contaminated water or eaten contaminated, food.

TREATMENT

CHAPTER 17 WATER SUPPLIES

17-1 WATER AND SALT REQUIREMENTS

In a well organised terrorist attack, this country's electric power grid would make a very tempting target to be attacked in conjunction with wide spread germ attacks. By taking out only a small number of critical components (to which there now is no backups) electric power could be disrupted for from weeks to months. In modem day North America 90%-97% of modern homes depend on electricity for maintaining a constant supply of fresh water. Painful thirst has been experienced by very few Americans. We take for granted that we will always have enough water to drink. Most of us think of "food and water" in that order, when we think of survival essentials that should be stored. But if unprepared citizens were confronted with a long term electrical power outage, they soon would realise that they should have given first priority to storing adequate water.

For the kidneys to eliminate waste products effectively, the average person needs to drink enough water so that he urinates at least one pint each day. (When water is not limited, most people drink enough to urinate 2 pints. Additional water is lost in perspiration, exhaled breath, and excrement.) Under cool conditions, a person could survive for weeks on 3 pints of water a day- if he eats but little food and if that food is low in protein. Four to five quarts of g water per day are essential in very hot weather, with none allowed for washing. At least 15 gallons per person should be stored. This amount usually would provide for some water remaining after two weeks, to prevent thirst in case additional fresh water was still difficult to obtain. When one is sweating heavily and not eating salty food, salt deficiency symptoms-especially cramping-are likely to develop within a few days. to prevent this, 6 or 8 grams of salt (about 1/4 oz., or 1/2 tablespoon) should be consumed daily in food and drink. If little or no food is eaten, this small daily salt ration should be added to drinking water. Under hot conditions, a little salt makes water taste better.

17.2 DISINFECTING WATER

Boiling for 20 minutes is required to kill Plague, Cholera, Typhoid microbes, boiling for two hours is required to kill Anthrax spores. Any household bleach solution, such as Clorox, that contains sodium hypochlorite as its only active ingredient may be used as a source of chlorine for disinfecting. The amount of sodium hypochlorite usually 5.25%, is printed on the labial. (In recent years, perhaps as a precaution against drinking undiluted chlorine bleach solution, some household bleach containers show a warning such as "Not For Personal Use," This warning can be safely disregarded if the label states that the bleach contains only sodium hypochlorite as its active ingredient, and in only the small quantities specified in these and other instructions are used to disinfect water). Add 1 scant teaspoon to each 10 gallons of clear water, and stir. Add 2 scant teaspoonfuls if the water is muddy or colored. Wait at least 30 minutes before drinking, to allow enough time for the chlorine to kill all the micro-organisms. Properly disinfected water should have a slight chlorine odor. To disinfect small quantities of water, put 2 drops of household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in each quart of clear water.

Use 4 drops if the water is muddy or colored. If a dropper is not available, use a spoon and a square-ended strip of paper or thin cloth about 1/4 inch wide by 2 inches long. Put the strip in the spoon with an end hanging down about ½ inch beyond the end of the spoon. When bleach is placed in the spoon and the spoon is carefully tipped, drops in the size of those from a medicine dropper will drip off the end of the strip. As a second choice, 2% tincture of iodine can be used. Add 5 drops to each quart of clear water and let stand 30 minutes. If the water is cloudy, add 10 drops to each quart. Commercial water purification tablets should be used as directed.

17.3 SOURCES OF WATER

Before a supply of stored drinking water has been exhausted, other sources should be located. The main water sources are given below, with the safest source listed first and the other sources listed in decreasing order of safety.

17.4 WATER FROM WELLS

The wells of farms and rural homes would be the best sources of water for millions of survivors. Following a massive Germ Warfare attack in which the electrical power grid was also targeted by concentrating attacks on power stations, transformers, and transmission lines. The electric pumps and the pipes in wells usually would be useless. However, enough people would know how to remove these pipes and pumps from wells so that bail-cans could be used to reach the water and bring up enough for drinking and basic hygiene.

A very good bailer can be obtained from:
  Lehman's Hardware and Appliance.
    One Lehman Circle, PO Box 41
    Kidron, Ohio 44636 (USA)
    1-216-857-557
    Prices for around $27

One should also obtain about 200-300 feet of good strong nylon rope.(parachute cord is one of the lightest and strongest).